Embeded AI
This page collects selected resources and research papers in Embedded AI, with particular attention to TinyML as one of its key subareas. It is intended for researchers, engineers, and developers who build intelligent systems under tight constraints in compute, memory, power, and latency.
The scope of this page covers both TinyML-oriented work and the broader Embedded AI landscape, including efficient models, hardware platforms, deployment systems, sensing-driven intelligence, and trustworthy edge intelligence.
To improve readability, papers are organized into a compact topic taxonomy. This makes it easier to browse the field by research direction instead of only by venue or keyword.
Useful Links
- Awesome TinyML — A curated collection of TinyML resources, tools, tutorials, and research references.
- Machine Learning on Embedded Devices — A practical reference on running machine learning workloads on embedded and resource-constrained devices.
Last Updated
April 15, 2026
Papers
TinyML Papers
Chip / Hardware
- Energy-Aware FPGA Implementation of Spiking Neural Network with LIF Neurons — arXiv (November 2024)
- TCN-CUTIE: A 1036 TOp/s/W, 2.72 uJ/Inference, 12.2 mW All-Digital Ternary Accelerator in 22 nm FDX Technology — arXiv (2022)
- An Ultra-low Power TinyML System for Real-time Visual Processing at Edge — IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2023 (2022)
- TinyML: Analysis of Xtensa LX6 microprocessor for Neural Network Applications by ESP32 SoC — arXiv (2021)
Model / Algorithm
- Rethinking Temporal Models for TinyML: LSTM versus 1D-CNN in Resource-Constrained Devices — arXiv (March 2026)
- Neural Network Quantization for Microcontrollers: A Comprehensive Survey of Methods, Platforms, and Applications — arXiv (August 2025)
- From Tiny Machine Learning to Tiny Deep Learning: A Survey — ACM CS 2025 (June 2025)
- Advances in Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting: A Comprehensive Review of Efficient Models and Algorithms — arXiv (June 2025)
- TActiLE: Tiny Active LEarning for wearable devices — Proceedings of the 2025 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) (May 2025)
- Can LLMs Revolutionize the Design of Explainable and Efficient TinyML Models? — arXiv (April 2025)
- Dendron: Enhancing Human Activity Recognition with On-Device TinyML Learning — arXiv (March 2025)
- Fast Data Aware Neural Architecture Search via Supernet Accelerated Evaluation — arXiv (February 2025)
- ETHEREAL: Energy-efficient and High-throughput Inference using Compressed Tsetlin Machine — arXiv (February 2025)
- DEX: Data Channel Extension for Efficient CNN Inference on Tiny AI Accelerators — arXiv (December 2024)
- P-YOLOv8: Efficient and Accurate Real-Time Detection of Distracted Driving — arXiv (October 2024)
- Optimizing TinyML: The Impact of Reduced Data Acquisition Rates for Time Series Classification on Microcontrollers — arXiv (September 2024)
- A Continual and Incremental Learning Approach for TinyML On-device Training Using Dataset Distillation and Model Size Adaption — 2024 IEEE 7th International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) (September 2024)
- Training on the Fly: On-device Self-supervised Learning aboard Nano-drones within 20 mW — arXiv (August 2024)
- StreamTinyNet: video streaming analysis with spatial-temporal TinyML — arXiv (July 2024)
- FunnelNet: An End-to-End Deep Learning Framework to Monitor Digital Heart Murmur in Real-Time — arXiv (May 2024)
- Wake Vision: A Tailored Dataset and Benchmark Suite for TinyML Computer Vision Applications — arXiv (May 2024)
- TinyVQA: Compact Multimodal Deep Neural Network for Visual Question Answering on Resource-Constrained Devices — arXiv (2024)
- Efficient Neural Networks for Tiny Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Review — arXiv (2023)
- Physics-Enhanced TinyML for Real-Time Detection of Ground Magnetic Anomalies — arXiv (2023)
- A Machine Learning-oriented Survey on Tiny Machine Learning — arXiv (2023)
- AnalogNAS: A Neural Network Design Framework for Accurate Inference with Analog In-Memory Computing — arXiv (2023)
- TinyReptile: TinyML with Federated Meta-Learning — arXiv (2023)
- Incremental Online Learning Algorithms Comparison for Gesture and Visual Smart Sensors — arXiv (2022)
- An Empirical Study of Low Precision Quantization for TinyML — arXiv (2022)
System / Deployment
- Affordable Precision Agriculture: A Deployment-Oriented Review of Low-Cost, Low-Power Edge AI and TinyML for Resource-Constrained Farming Systems — arXiv (March 2026)
- Energy-Aware Multi-Exit TinyML for Smart Zero-Energy Devices — arXiv (March 2026)
- NanoCockpit: Performance-optimized Application Framework for AI-based Autonomous Nanorobotics — arXiv (January 2026)
- EdgeMark: An Automation and Benchmarking System for Embedded Artificial Intelligence Tools — Journal of Systems Architecture (2025) (February 2025)
- Consolidating TinyML Lifecycle with Large Language Models: Reality, Illusion, or Opportunity? — arXiv (January 2025)
- Enhanced FIWARE-Based Architecture for Cyberphysical Systems With Tiny Machine Learning and Machine Learning Operations: A Case Study on Urban Mobility Systems — IT Professional ( Volume: 26, Issue: 5, Sept.-Oct. 2024) (November 2024)
- Enhancing Predictive Maintenance in Mining Mobile Machinery through a TinyML-enabled Hierarchical Inference Network — arXiv (November 2024)
- TinyML NLP Scheme for Semantic Wireless Sentiment Classification with Privacy Preservation — arXiv (November 2024)
- Accelerating TinyML Inference on Microcontrollers through Approximate Kernels — arXiv (September 2024)
- Toward Attention-based TinyML: A Heterogeneous Accelerated Architecture and Automated Deployment Flow — arXiv (August 2024)
- HTVM: Efficient Neural Network Deployment On Heterogeneous TinyML Platforms — 2023 60th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), San Francisco, CA, USA, 2023, pp. 1-6 (June 2024)
- On-device Online Learning and Semantic Management of TinyML Systems — arXiv (May 2024)
- Tiny Machine Learning: Progress and Futures — IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, 23(3), pp. 8-34, October 2023 (2024)
- Simulating Battery-Powered TinyML Systems Optimised using Reinforcement Learning in Image-Based Anomaly Detection — arXiv (2024)
- DTMM: Deploying TinyML Models on Extremely Weak IoT Devices with Pruning — arXiv (2024)
- TinyAirNet: TinyML Model Transmission for Energy-efficient Image Retrieval from IoT Devices — arXiv (2023)
- TinyMetaFed: Efficient Federated Meta-Learning for TinyML — arXiv (2023)
- Edge Impulse: An MLOps Platform for Tiny Machine Learning — arXiv (2022)
- Software Engineering Approaches for TinyML based IoT Embedded Vision: A Systematic Literature Review — arXiv (2022)
- Intelligence at the Extreme Edge: A Survey on Reformable TinyML — arXiv (2022)
- How to Manage Tiny Machine Learning at Scale: An Industrial Perspective — arXiv (2022)
- CFU Playground: Full-Stack Open-Source Framework for Tiny Machine Learning (tinyML) Acceleration on FPGAs — IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS). (2023) 157-167 (2022)
- MLPerf Tiny Benchmark — arXiv (2021)
- TinyOL: TinyML with Online-Learning on Microcontrollers — arXiv (2021)
Sensing / Application
- Fully Autonomous Z-Score-Based TinyML Anomaly Detection on Resource-Constrained MCUs Using Power Side-Channel Data — arXiv (March 2026)
- TinyML for Acoustic Anomaly Detection in IoT Sensor Networks — 2025 5th International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME), Zanzibar, Tanzania, 2025, pp. 1-5 (March 2026)
- TinyML-Enabled IoT for Sustainable Precision Irrigation — arXiv (January 2026)
- Tiny Machine Learning for Real-Time Aquaculture Monitoring: A Case Study in Morocco — 2024 IEEE Global Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (GCAIoT), Dubai, UAE, 2024 (January 2026)
- A Survey of TinyML Applications in Beekeeping for Hive Monitoring and Management — arXiv (September 2025)
- A Multicore and Edge TPU-Accelerated Multimodal TinyML System for Livestock Behavior Recognition — IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 666-677, 1 Jan.1, 2026 (April 2025)
- Edge Intelligence for Wildlife Conservation: Real-Time Hornbill Call Classification Using TinyML — Selected Proceedings from the 2nd ICIMR 2024. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 1316. Springer, Singapore (April 2025)
- On-Sensor Convolutional Neural Networks with Early-Exits — arXiv (March 2025)
- Towards Contactless Elevators with TinyML using CNN-based Person Detection and Keyword Spotting — arXiv (May 2024)
- EcoPull: Sustainable IoT Image Retrieval Empowered by TinyML Models — arXiv (April 2024)
- MosquIoT: A System Based on IoT and Machine Learning for the Monitoring of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) — arXiv (2024)
- Implementation Of Tiny Machine Learning Models On Arduino 33 BLE For Gesture And Speech Recognition — arXiv (2022)
Security / Reliability
- TinyML Security: Exploring Vulnerabilities in Resource-Constrained Machine Learning Systems — arXiv (November 2024)
- On TinyML and Cybersecurity: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Use Case — arXiv (April 2024)
- Is TinyML Sustainable? Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Machine Learning on Microcontrollers — arXiv (2023)
Embedded AI Papers
Chip / Hardware
No papers have been added to this category yet.
Model / Algorithm
- CPUBone: Efficient Vision Backbone Design for Devices with Low Parallelization Capabilities — arXiv (March 2026)
- SpikeNAS: A Fast Memory-Aware Neural Architecture Search Framework for Spiking Neural Network-based Embedded AI Systems — arXiv (2024)
System / Deployment
No papers have been added to this category yet.
Sensing / Application
No papers have been added to this category yet.
Security / Reliability
No papers have been added to this category yet.
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